Klöpffer, Walter, 1938-
Life cycle assessment (LCA) : a guide to best practice / [electronic resource] Walter Klöpffer and Birgit Grahl. - 1 online resource (412 pages) : illustrations
Includes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters and index.
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA); Contents; Preface; Chapter 1 Introduction; 1.1 What Is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)?; 1.1.1 Definition and Limitations; 1.1.2 Life Cycle of a Product; 1.1.3 Functional Unit; 1.1.4 LCA as System Analysis; 1.1.5 LCA and Operational Input-Output Analysis (Gate-to-Gate); 1.2 History; 1.2.1 Early LCAs; 1.2.2 Environmental Policy Background; 1.2.3 Energy Analysis; 1.2.4 The 1980s; 1.2.5 The Role of SETAC; 1.3 The Structure of LCA; 1.3.1 Structure According to SETAC; 1.3.2 Structure of LCA According to ISO; 1.3.3 Valuation -- a Separate Phase?; 1.4 Standardisation of LCA. 1.4.1 Process of Formation1.4.2 Status Quo; 1.5 Literature and Information on LCA; References; Chapter 2 Goal and Scope Definition; 2.1 Goal Definition; 2.2 Scope; 2.2.1 Product System; 2.2.2 Technical System Boundary; 2.2.2.1 Cut-Off Criteria; 2.2.2.2 Demarcation towards System Surrounding; 2.2.3 Geographical System Boundary; 2.2.4 Temporal System Boundary/Time Horizon; 2.2.5 The Functional Unit; 2.2.5.1 Definition of a Suitable Functional Unit and a Reference Flow; 2.2.5.2 Impairment Factors on Comparison -- Negligible Added Value; 2.2.5.3 Procedure for Non-negligible Added Value. 2.2.6 Data Availability and Depth of Study2.2.7 Further Definitions; 2.2.7.1 Type of Impact Assessment; 2.2.7.2 Valuation (Weighting), Assumptions and Notions of Value; 2.2.7.3 Critical Review; 2.2.8 Further Definitions to the Scope; 2.3 Illustration of the Component 'Definition of Goal and Scope' Using an Example of Practice; 2.3.1 Goal Definition; 2.3.2 Scope; 2.3.2.1 Product Systems; 2.3.2.2 Technical System Boundaries and Cut-Off Criteria; 2.3.2.3 Demarcation to the System Surrounding; 2.3.2.4 Geographical System Boundary; 2.3.2.5 Temporal System Boundary. 2.3.2.6 Functional Unit and Reference Flow2.3.2.7 Data Availability and Depth of Study; 2.3.2.8 Type of Life Cycle Impact Assessment; 2.3.2.9 Methods of Interpretation; 2.3.2.10 Critical Review; References; Chapter 3 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis; 3.1 Basics; 3.1.1 Scientific Principles; 3.1.2 Literature on Fundamentals of the Inventory Analysis; 3.1.3 The Unit Process as the Smallest Cell of LCI; 3.1.3.1 Integration into the System Flow Chart; 3.1.3.2 Balancing; 3.1.4 Flow Charts; 3.1.5 Reference Values; 3.2 Energy Analysis; 3.2.1 Introduction; 3.2.2 Cumulative Energy Demand (CED). 3.2.2.1 Definition3.2.2.2 Partial Amounts; 3.2.2.3 Balancing Boundaries; 3.2.3 Energy Content of Inflammable Materials; 3.2.3.1 Fossil Fuels; 3.2.3.2 Quantification; 3.2.3.3 Infrastructure; 3.2.4 Supply of Electricity; 3.2.5 Transports; 3.3 Allocation; 3.3.1 Fundamentals of Allocation; 3.3.2 Allocation by the Example of Co-production; 3.3.2.1 Definition of Co-production; 3.3.2.2 'Fair' Allocation?; 3.3.2.3 Proposed Solutions; 3.3.2.4 Further Approaches to the Allocation of Co-products; 3.3.2.5 System Expansion; 3.3.3 Allocation and Recycling in Closed-Loops and Re-use.
This first hands-on guide to ISO-compliant Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) makes this powerful tool immediately accessible to both professionals and students. Following a general introduction on the philosophy and purpose of LCA, the reader is taken through all the stages of a complete LCA analysis, with each step exemplified by real-life data from a major LCA project on beverage packaging. Measures as carbon and water footprint, based on the most recent international standards and definitions, are addressed. Written by two pioneers of LCA, this practical volume is targeted at first-time LC.
9783527655656 3527655654 9783527655625 352765562X 3527655646 (ePub) 9783527655649 (ePub) 3527655638 (mobi) 9783527655632 (mobi) 9781306550475 1306550475
Product life cycle--Mathematical models.
Life cycle costing--Methodology.
Industrial ecology.
Biopolymers.
Chemistry.
Polymers.
Product life cycle.
BUSINESS & ECONOMICS--Industrial Management.
BUSINESS & ECONOMICS--Management.
BUSINESS & ECONOMICS--Management Science.
BUSINESS & ECONOMICS--Organizational Behavior.
Industrial ecology.
Product life cycle.
Electronic books.
Electronic books.
HF5415.155 / .K574 2014eb
658.5
Life cycle assessment (LCA) : a guide to best practice / [electronic resource] Walter Klöpffer and Birgit Grahl. - 1 online resource (412 pages) : illustrations
Includes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters and index.
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA); Contents; Preface; Chapter 1 Introduction; 1.1 What Is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)?; 1.1.1 Definition and Limitations; 1.1.2 Life Cycle of a Product; 1.1.3 Functional Unit; 1.1.4 LCA as System Analysis; 1.1.5 LCA and Operational Input-Output Analysis (Gate-to-Gate); 1.2 History; 1.2.1 Early LCAs; 1.2.2 Environmental Policy Background; 1.2.3 Energy Analysis; 1.2.4 The 1980s; 1.2.5 The Role of SETAC; 1.3 The Structure of LCA; 1.3.1 Structure According to SETAC; 1.3.2 Structure of LCA According to ISO; 1.3.3 Valuation -- a Separate Phase?; 1.4 Standardisation of LCA. 1.4.1 Process of Formation1.4.2 Status Quo; 1.5 Literature and Information on LCA; References; Chapter 2 Goal and Scope Definition; 2.1 Goal Definition; 2.2 Scope; 2.2.1 Product System; 2.2.2 Technical System Boundary; 2.2.2.1 Cut-Off Criteria; 2.2.2.2 Demarcation towards System Surrounding; 2.2.3 Geographical System Boundary; 2.2.4 Temporal System Boundary/Time Horizon; 2.2.5 The Functional Unit; 2.2.5.1 Definition of a Suitable Functional Unit and a Reference Flow; 2.2.5.2 Impairment Factors on Comparison -- Negligible Added Value; 2.2.5.3 Procedure for Non-negligible Added Value. 2.2.6 Data Availability and Depth of Study2.2.7 Further Definitions; 2.2.7.1 Type of Impact Assessment; 2.2.7.2 Valuation (Weighting), Assumptions and Notions of Value; 2.2.7.3 Critical Review; 2.2.8 Further Definitions to the Scope; 2.3 Illustration of the Component 'Definition of Goal and Scope' Using an Example of Practice; 2.3.1 Goal Definition; 2.3.2 Scope; 2.3.2.1 Product Systems; 2.3.2.2 Technical System Boundaries and Cut-Off Criteria; 2.3.2.3 Demarcation to the System Surrounding; 2.3.2.4 Geographical System Boundary; 2.3.2.5 Temporal System Boundary. 2.3.2.6 Functional Unit and Reference Flow2.3.2.7 Data Availability and Depth of Study; 2.3.2.8 Type of Life Cycle Impact Assessment; 2.3.2.9 Methods of Interpretation; 2.3.2.10 Critical Review; References; Chapter 3 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis; 3.1 Basics; 3.1.1 Scientific Principles; 3.1.2 Literature on Fundamentals of the Inventory Analysis; 3.1.3 The Unit Process as the Smallest Cell of LCI; 3.1.3.1 Integration into the System Flow Chart; 3.1.3.2 Balancing; 3.1.4 Flow Charts; 3.1.5 Reference Values; 3.2 Energy Analysis; 3.2.1 Introduction; 3.2.2 Cumulative Energy Demand (CED). 3.2.2.1 Definition3.2.2.2 Partial Amounts; 3.2.2.3 Balancing Boundaries; 3.2.3 Energy Content of Inflammable Materials; 3.2.3.1 Fossil Fuels; 3.2.3.2 Quantification; 3.2.3.3 Infrastructure; 3.2.4 Supply of Electricity; 3.2.5 Transports; 3.3 Allocation; 3.3.1 Fundamentals of Allocation; 3.3.2 Allocation by the Example of Co-production; 3.3.2.1 Definition of Co-production; 3.3.2.2 'Fair' Allocation?; 3.3.2.3 Proposed Solutions; 3.3.2.4 Further Approaches to the Allocation of Co-products; 3.3.2.5 System Expansion; 3.3.3 Allocation and Recycling in Closed-Loops and Re-use.
This first hands-on guide to ISO-compliant Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) makes this powerful tool immediately accessible to both professionals and students. Following a general introduction on the philosophy and purpose of LCA, the reader is taken through all the stages of a complete LCA analysis, with each step exemplified by real-life data from a major LCA project on beverage packaging. Measures as carbon and water footprint, based on the most recent international standards and definitions, are addressed. Written by two pioneers of LCA, this practical volume is targeted at first-time LC.
9783527655656 3527655654 9783527655625 352765562X 3527655646 (ePub) 9783527655649 (ePub) 3527655638 (mobi) 9783527655632 (mobi) 9781306550475 1306550475
Product life cycle--Mathematical models.
Life cycle costing--Methodology.
Industrial ecology.
Biopolymers.
Chemistry.
Polymers.
Product life cycle.
BUSINESS & ECONOMICS--Industrial Management.
BUSINESS & ECONOMICS--Management.
BUSINESS & ECONOMICS--Management Science.
BUSINESS & ECONOMICS--Organizational Behavior.
Industrial ecology.
Product life cycle.
Electronic books.
Electronic books.
HF5415.155 / .K574 2014eb
658.5