Includes bibliographical references.

Online resource; title from PDF title page (EBSCO, viewed April 26, 2016).

Environmental Materials and Waste: Resource Recovery and Pollution Prevention contains the latest information on environmental sustainability as a wide variety of natural resources are increasingly being exploited to meet the demands of a worldwide growing population and economy. These raw materials cannot, or can only partially, be substituted by renewable resources within the next few decades. As such, the efficient recovery and processing of mineral and energy resources, as well as recycling such resources, is now of significant importance. The book takes a multidisciplinary approach to fully realize the number of by-products which can be remanufactured, providing the foundation needed across disciplines to tackle this issue. As awareness and opportunities to recover valuable resources from process and bleed streams is gaining interest, sustainable recovery of environmental materials, including wastewater, offers tremendous opportunity to combine profitable and sustainable production.

Machine generated contents note: 1.1. Introduction / M.N.V. Prasad -- 1.2. Biowaste Management / M.N.V. Prasad -- 1.3. Bioremediation of Waste Disposed Land or Existing Landfills / M.N.V. Prasad -- 1.4. Solid Waste Management: An Indian Perspective / M.N.V. Prasad -- 1.4.1. Use of Biowaste From Bioremediation: The Case of Aquatic Weeds / M.N.V. Prasad -- 1.5. Food Waste to Feed Fish / M.N.V. Prasad -- 1.6. Biological Recultivation of Petroleum Industry-Ravaged Land / M.N.V. Prasad -- 1.7. Conclusion / M.N.V. Prasad -- Acknowledgments / M.N.V. Prasad -- References / M.N.V. Prasad -- 2.1. Introduction / E.N.V.M. Carrilho / M.Y. Kamogawa / G. Labuto -- 2.2. Characterization of Vinasse / E.N.V.M. Carrilho / M.Y. Kamogawa / G. Labuto -- 2.2.1. Inorganic Content of Vinasse / E.N.V.M. Carrilho / M.Y. Kamogawa / G. Labuto -- 2.2.2.Organic Content of Vinasse / E.N.V.M. Carrilho / M.Y. Kamogawa / G. Labuto -- 2.3. Applications of Vinasse / E.N.V.M. Carrilho / M.Y. Kamogawa / G. Labuto.

Note continued: 2.3.1. The Use of Vinasse as a Resource / E.N.V.M. Carrilho / M.Y. Kamogawa / G. Labuto -- 2.3.2. Nutrient Source for Plants / E.N.V.M. Carrilho / M.Y. Kamogawa / G. Labuto -- 2.3.3. Nutrient Source for Microorganisms / E.N.V.M. Carrilho / M.Y. Kamogawa / G. Labuto -- 2.3.4. Other Applications / G. Labuto / E.N.V.M. Carrilho / M.Y. Kamogawa -- 2.4. Environmental Concerns Regarding Vinasse Management / E.N.V.M. Carrilho / M.Y. Kamogawa / G. Labuto -- Acknowledgments / E.N.V.M. Carrilho / M.Y. Kamogawa / G. Labuto -- References / E.N.V.M. Carrilho / M.Y. Kamogawa / G. Labuto -- 3.1. Introduction / H. Wijesekara / N.S. Bolan / P. Kumarathilaka / N. Geekiyanage / M. Vithanage / B. Seshadri / C. Saint / A. Surapaneni / A. Kunhikrishnan -- 3.2. Generation and Composition of Biosolids / H. Wijesekara / N.S. Bolan / P. Kumarathilaka / N. Geekiyanage / M. Vithanage / B. Seshadri / C. Saint / A. Surapaneni / A. Kunhikrishnan.

Note continued: 3.2.1. Generation of Biosolids / H. Wijesekara / N.S. Bolan / P. Kumarathilaka / N. Geekiyanage / M. Vithanage / B. Seshadri / C. Saint / A. Surapaneni / A. Kunhikrishnan -- 3.2.2.Composition of Biosolids / H. Wijesekara / N.S. Bolan / P. Kumarathilaka / N. Geekiyanage / M. Vithanage / B. Seshadri / C. Saint / A. Surapaneni / A. Kunhikrishnan -- 3.3. Land Application of Biosolids and Pollution Prevention / H. Wijesekara / N.S. Bolan / P. Kumarathilaka / N. Geekiyanage / M. Vithanage / B. Seshadri / C. Saint / A. Surapaneni / A. Kunhikrishnan -- 3.3.1. Heavy Metals / M. Vithanage / H. Wijesekara / N.S. Bolan / P. Kumarathilaka / A. Surapaneni / A. Kunhikrishnan / B. Seshadri / C. Saint / N. Geekiyanage -- 3.3.2. Nutrients / H. Wijesekara / N.S. Bolan / P. Kumarathilaka / N. Geekiyanage / M. Vithanage / B. Seshadri / C. Saint / A. Surapaneni / A. Kunhikrishnan.

Note continued: 3.3.3. Pathogens / H. Wijesekara / N.S. Bolan / P. Kumarathilaka / N. Geekiyanage / M. Vithanage / B. Seshadri / C. Saint / A. Surapaneni / A. Kunhikrishnan -- 3.3.4. Odor Emissions / H. Wijesekara / N.S. Bolan / P. Kumarathilaka / N. Geekiyanage / M. Vithanage / B. Seshadri / C. Saint / A. Surapaneni / A. Kunhikrishnan -- 3.3.5. Greenhouse Gas Emissions / H. Wijesekara / N.S. Bolan / P. Kumarathilaka / N. Geekiyanage / M. Vithanage / B. Seshadri / C. Saint / A. Surapaneni / A. Kunhikrishnan -- 3.3.6. Emerging Contaminants / H. Wijesekara / N.S. Bolan / P. Kumarathilaka / N. Geekiyanage / M. Vithanage / B. Seshadri / C. Saint / A. Surapaneni / A. Kunhikrishnan -- 3.4. Regulations of Biosolids Use / H. Wijesekara / N.S. Bolan / P. Kumarathilaka / N. Geekiyanage / M. Vithanage / B. Seshadri / C. Saint / A. Surapaneni / A. Kunhikrishnan.

Note continued: 3.5. Effects of Addition of Biosolids in Mine Site Rehabilitation / H. Wijesekara / N.S. Bolan / P. Kumarathilaka / N. Geekiyanage / M. Vithanage / B. Seshadri / C. Saint / A. Surapaneni / A. Kunhikrishnan -- 3.5.1. Physical Characteristics / H. Wijesekara / N.S. Bolan / P. Kumarathilaka / N. Geekiyanage / M. Vithanage / B. Seshadri / C. Saint / A. Surapaneni / A. Kunhikrishnan -- 3.5.2. Chemical Characteristics / H. Wijesekara / N.S. Bolan / P. Kumarathilaka / N. Geekiyanage / A. Kunhikrishnan / B. Seshadri / C. Saint / A. Surapaneni / M. Vithanage -- 3.5.3. Biological Characteristics / H. Wijesekara / N.S. Bolan / P. Kumarathilaka / N. Geekiyanage / M. Vithanage / B. Seshadri / C. Saint / A. Surapaneni / A. Kunhikrishnan -- 3.6. Conclusions, Challenges, and Future Research Needs / H. Wijesekara / N.S. Bolan / P. Kumarathilaka / N. Geekiyanage / M. Vithanage / B. Seshadri / C. Saint / A. Surapaneni / A. Kunhikrishnan.

Note continued: Acknowledgments / H. Wijesekara / N.S. Bolan / P. Kumarathilaka / N. Geekiyanage / M. Vithanage / B. Seshadri / C. Saint / A. Surapaneni / A. Kunhikrishnan -- References / H. Wijesekara / N.S. Bolan / P. Kumarathilaka / N. Geekiyanage / M. Vithanage / B. Seshadri / C. Saint / A. Surapaneni / A. Kunhikrishnan -- 4.1. Introduction / S. Mandal / A. Kunhikrishnan / R. Naidu / H. Wijesekara / N.S. Bolan -- 4.2. Sources of Biowaste / S. Mandal / A. Kunhikrishnan / R. Naidu / H. Wijesekara / N.S. Bolan -- 4.2.1. Municipal Solid Waste / S. Mandal / A. Kunhikrishnan / R. Naidu / H. Wijesekara / N.S. Bolan -- 4.2.2. Biosolids / S. Mandal / A. Kunhikrishnan / R. Naidu / H. Wijesekara / N.S. Bolan -- 4.2.3. Animal and Poultry Manure / S. Mandal / A. Kunhikrishnan / R. Naidu / H. Wijesekara / N.S. Bolan -- 4.2.4. Paper Mill Sludge / S. Mandal / A. Kunhikrishnan / R. Naidu / H. Wijesekara / N.S. Bolan.

Note continued: 4.2.5. Other Organic Wastes / S. Mandal / A. Kunhikrishnan / R. Naidu / H. Wijesekara / N.S. Bolan -- 4.3. Synthesis and Characterization of Biochar / S. Mandal / A. Kunhikrishnan / R. Naidu / H. Wijesekara / N.S. Bolan -- 4.3.1. Production Methods / S. Mandal / A. Kunhikrishnan / R. Naidu / H. Wijesekara / N.S. Bolan -- 4.3.2. Biochar Characterization / S. Mandal / A. Kunhikrishnan / R. Naidu / H. Wijesekara / N.S. Bolan -- 4.4. Environmental Applications / S. Mandal / A. Kunhikrishnan / R. Naidu / H. Wijesekara / N.S. Bolan -- 4.4.1. Heavy Metal(loid)s / S. Mandal / A. Kunhikrishnan / R. Naidu / H. Wijesekara / N.S. Bolan -- 4.4.2.Organic Contaminants / S. Mandal / A. Kunhikrishnan / R. Naidu / H. Wijesekara / N.S. Bolan -- 4.5. Agricultural Applications / S. Mandal / A. Kunhikrishnan / R. Naidu / H. Wijesekara / N.S. Bolan -- 4.5.1. Ammonia Volatilization / R. Naidu / S. Mandal / H. Wijesekara / N.S. Bolan / A. Kunhikrishnan.

Note continued: 4.5.2. Nitrous Oxide Emission / S. Mandal / A. Kunhikrishnan / R. Naidu / H. Wijesekara / N.S. Bolan -- 4.5.3. Nitrate Leaching / S. Mandal / A. Kunhikrishnan / R. Naidu / H. Wijesekara / N.S. Bolan -- 4.5.4. Phosphorus Leaching / S. Mandal / A. Kunhikrishnan / R. Naidu / H. Wijesekara / N.S. Bolan -- 4.6. Case Studies / S. Mandal / A. Kunhikrishnan / R. Naidu / H. Wijesekara / N.S. Bolan -- 4.7. Conclusion / S. Mandal / A. Kunhikrishnan / R. Naidu / H. Wijesekara / N.S. Bolan -- References / S. Mandal / A. Kunhikrishnan / R. Naidu / H. Wijesekara / N.S. Bolan -- 5.1. Introduction / A. Kumar / L.J. Schreiter / E.R. Graber / L. Tsechansky / C. Scheidt / A. Wefer-Roehl -- 5.2. Biochar Production and Properties / A. Kumar / L.J. Schreiter / E.R. Graber / L. Tsechansky / C. Scheidt / A. Wefer-Roehl -- 5.3. Biochar Application at Contaminated Sites / A. Kumar / L.J. Schreiter / E.R. Graber / L. Tsechansky / C. Scheidt / A. Wefer-Roehl.

Note continued: 5.3.1. Biochar in Soil Improvement / A. Kumar / L.J. Schreiter / E.R. Graber / L. Tsechansky / C. Scheidt / A. Wefer-Roehl -- 5.3.2. Interaction of Contaminants With Biochar / A. Kumar / L.J. Schreiter / E.R. Graber / L. Tsechansky / C. Scheidt / A. Wefer-Roehl -- 5.3.3. Biochar-Based Soil Remediation for Site-Specific Contaminants: Case Studies / L. Tsechansky / C. Scheidt / A. Wefer-Roehl / A. Kumar / L.J. Schreiter / E.R. Graber -- 5.3.4. Influence on Microbial Activity/Biodegradation of Organic Contaminants / A. Kumar / L.J. Schreiter / E.R. Graber / L. Tsechansky / C. Scheidt / A. Wefer-Roehl -- 5.4. Biochar, Pollutants, and Plant Interactions / A. Kumar / L.J. Schreiter / E.R. Graber / L. Tsechansky / C. Scheidt / A. Wefer-Roehl -- 5.5. Summary and Future Perspectives / A. Kumar / L.J. Schreiter / E.R. Graber / L. Tsechansky / C. Scheidt / A. Wefer-Roehl.

Note continued: Acknowledgment / A. Kumar / L.J. Schreiter / E.R. Graber / L. Tsechansky / C. Scheidt / A. Wefer-Roehl -- References / A. Kumar / L.J. Schreiter / E.R. Graber / L. Tsechansky / C. Scheidt / A. Wefer-Roehl -- 6.1. Introduction / Y. Jayawardhana / M. Vithanage / L. Herath / P. Kumarathilaka -- 6.1.1. Generation and Disposal of Municipal Solid Waste / Y. Jayawardhana / M. Vithanage / L. Herath / P. Kumarathilaka -- 6.1.2. Open Dump Sites and Environmental Pollution / Y. Jayawardhana / M. Vithanage / L. Herath / P. Kumarathilaka -- 6.1.3. Strategies for Prevention of Pollution From Landfills / Y. Jayawardhana / M. Vithanage / L. Herath / P. Kumarathilaka -- 6.1.4. Prevention of Water and Soil Pollution / Y. Jayawardhana / M. Vithanage / L. Herath / P. Kumarathilaka -- 6.2.A Greener Transformation of Municipal Solid Waste to Municipal Solid Waste-Biochar / Y. Jayawardhana / M. Vithanage / L. Herath / P. Kumarathilaka.

Note continued: 6.2.1. Overview / Y. Jayawardhana / M. Vithanage / L. Herath / P. Kumarathilaka -- 6.2.2.A Sustainability Platform for Municipal Solid Waste Transformation / M. Vithanage / L. Herath / P. Kumarathilaka / Y. Jayawardhana -- 6.2.3. Municipal Solid Waste-Biochar Production / Y. Jayawardhana / M. Vithanage / L. Herath / P. Kumarathilaka -- 6.3. Municipal Solid Waste-Biochar for Landfill Cover / Y. Jayawardhana / M. Vithanage / L. Herath / P. Kumarathilaka -- 6.3.1. Municipal Solid Waste-Biochar as an Adsorbent and a Substrate for Landfill Cover / Y. Jayawardhana / M. Vithanage / L. Herath / P. Kumarathilaka -- 6.4. Municipal Solid Waste-Biochar in the Treatment of Landfill Leachate / Y. Jayawardhana / M. Vithanage / L. Herath / P. Kumarathilaka -- 6.4.1. Municipal Solid Waste-Biochar as Sorbent / Y. Jayawardhana / M. Vithanage / L. Herath / P. Kumarathilaka.

Note continued: 6.4.2. The Potential of Municipal Solid Waste-Biochar for the Removal of Heavy Metal and Organic Pollutants / Y. Jayawardhana / M. Vithanage / L. Herath / P. Kumarathilaka -- 6.5. Potential to Be Used as a Material for Permeable Reactive Barrier / Y. Jayawardhana / M. Vithanage / L. Herath / P. Kumarathilaka -- 6.5.1. Overview of Permeable Reactive Barrier Applicability / Y. Jayawardhana / M. Vithanage / L. Herath / P. Kumarathilaka -- 6.5.2. Potential Applicability of Municipal Solid Waste-Biochar Instead of Biochar / Y. Jayawardhana / P. Kumarathilaka / L. Herath / M. Vithanage -- 6.6. Potential of Municipal Solid Waste-Biochar for Landfill Stabilization / Y. Jayawardhana / P. Kumarathilaka / L. Herath / M. Vithanage -- 6.7. Remarks / Y. Jayawardhana / P. Kumarathilaka / L. Herath / M. Vithanage -- Acknowledgments / Y. Jayawardhana / P. Kumarathilaka / L. Herath / M. Vithanage -- References / Y. Jayawardhana / P. Kumarathilaka / L. Herath / M. Vithanage.

Note continued: 7.1. Introduction / N.K. Niazi / B. Murtaza / I. Bibi / M. Shahid / J.C. White / M.E. Nawaz / S. Bashir / M.B. Shakoor / G. Choppala / G. Murtaza / H. Wang -- 7.2. Precious Metals and Heavy Metals / N.K. Niazi / B. Murtaza / I. Bibi / M. Shahid / J.C. White / M.E. Nawaz / S. Bashir / M.B. Shakoor / G. Choppala / G. Murtaza / H. Wang -- 7.3. Sources of Heavy Metals and Precious Metals / N.K. Niazi / B. Murtaza / I. Bibi / M. Shahid / J.C. White / M.E. Nawaz / S. Bashir / M.B. Shakoor / G. Choppala / G. Murtaza / H. Wang -- 7.3.1. Sources of Heavy Metals / N.K. Niazi / B. Murtaza / I. Bibi / M. Shahid / J.C. White / M.E. Nawaz / S. Bashir / M.B. Shakoor / G. Choppala / G. Murtaza / H. Wang -- 7.3.2. Sources of Precious Metals / N.K. Niazi / B. Murtaza / I. Bibi / M. Shahid / J.C. White / M.E. Nawaz / S. Bashir / M.B. Shakoor / G. Choppala / G. Murtaza / H. Wang.

Note continued: 7.4. Removal and Recovery of Heavy Metals and Precious Metals Using Biosorbents and Biochars / N.K. Niazi / B. Murtaza / I. Bibi / M. Shahid / J.C. White / M.E. Nawaz / S. Bashir / M.B. Shakoor / G. Choppala / G. Murtaza / H. Wang -- 7.4.1. Biosorbents / N.K. Niazi / B. Murtaza / I. Bibi / M. Shahid / J.C. White / M.E. Nawaz / S. Bashir / M.B. Shakoor / G. Choppala / G. Murtaza / H. Wang -- 7.4.2. Biochar / G. Murtaza / H. Wang / N.K. Niazi / B. Murtaza / I. Bibi / M. Shahid / J.C. White / M.E. Nawaz / S. Bashir / M.B. Shakoor / G. Choppala -- 7.5. Sources and Types of Biowastes for Biosorbents and Biochar Production / N.K. Niazi / B. Murtaza / I. Bibi / M. Shahid / J.C. White / M.E. Nawaz / S. Bashir / M.B. Shakoor / G. Choppala / G. Murtaza / H. Wang -- 7.5.1. Algal Biomass / N.K. Niazi / B. Murtaza / I. Bibi / M. Shahid / J.C. White / M.E. Nawaz / S. Bashir / M.B. Shakoor / G. Choppala / G. Murtaza / H. Wang.

Note continued: 7.5.2. Agricultural and Food Industry Biowastes for Biosorbents and Biochar / N.K. Niazi / B. Murtaza / I. Bibi / M. Shahid / J.C. White / M.E. Nawaz / S. Bashir / M.B. Shakoor / G. Choppala / G. Murtaza / H. Wang -- 7.5.3. Processes for Biochar Production / N.K. Niazi / B. Murtaza / I. Bibi / M. Shahid / J.C. White / M.E. Nawaz / S. Bashir / M.B. Shakoor / G. Choppala / G. Murtaza / H. Wang -- 7.6. Conventional Techniques of Heavy Metals and Precious Metals Removal and Recovery / N.K. Niazi / B. Murtaza / I. Bibi / M. Shahid / J.C. White / M.E. Nawaz / S. Bashir / M.B. Shakoor / G. Choppala / G. Murtaza / H. Wang -- 7.6.1. Pyrometallurgical Process / M.B. Shakoor / G. Choppala / G. Murtaza / H. Wang / N.K. Niazi / B. Murtaza / I. Bibi / M. Shahid / J.C. White / M.E. Nawaz / S. Bashir -- 7.6.2. Hydrometallurgical Process / N.K. Niazi / B. Murtaza / I. Bibi / M. Shahid / J.C. White / M.E. Nawaz / S. Bashir / M.B. Shakoor / G. Choppala / G. Murtaza / H. Wang.

Note continued: 7.7. Specifications of Biosorbents and Biochar for Metal Recovery / N.K. Niazi / B. Murtaza / I. Bibi / M. Shahid / J.C. White / M.E. Nawaz / S. Bashir / M.B. Shakoor / G. Choppala / G. Murtaza / H. Wang -- 7.7.1. Applicability of Biosorbents and Biochar in Precious Metal and Heavy Metal Removal and Recovery Process / N.K. Niazi / B. Murtaza / I. Bibi / M. Shahid / J.C. White / M.E. Nawaz / S. Bashir / M.B. Shakoor / G. Choppala / G. Murtaza / H. Wang -- 7.7.2. High Sorption Capacity / N.K. Niazi / B. Murtaza / I. Bibi / M. Shahid / J.C. White / M.E. Nawaz / S. Bashir / M.B. Shakoor / G. Choppala / G. Murtaza / H. Wang -- 7.8. Kinetics of Metal Removal by Biosorbent and Biochar (Time of Removal) / N.K. Niazi / B. Murtaza / I. Bibi / M. Shahid / J.C. White / M.E. Nawaz / S. Bashir / M.B. Shakoor / G. Choppala / G. Murtaza / H. Wang.

Note continued: 7.9. Stability in Aquatic Environments / M.E. Nawaz / S. Bashir / M.B. Shakoor / G. Choppala / G. Murtaza / H. Wang / N.K. Niazi / B. Murtaza / I. Bibi / M. Shahid / J.C. White -- 7.10. Procedures for Increasing Sorption Capacity / N.K. Niazi / B. Murtaza / I. Bibi / M. Shahid / J.C. White / M.E. Nawaz / S. Bashir / M.B. Shakoor / G. Choppala / G. Murtaza / H. Wang -- 7.10.1. Pretreatments / N.K. Niazi / B. Murtaza / I. Bibi / M. Shahid / J.C. White / M.E. Nawaz / S. Bashir / M.B. Shakoor / G. Choppala / G. Murtaza / H. Wang -- 7.11. Approaches to Enhance Sorption Kinetics of Biosorbents and Biochars / N.K. Niazi / B. Murtaza / I. Bibi / M. Shahid / J.C. White / M.E. Nawaz / S. Bashir / M.B. Shakoor / G. Choppala / G. Murtaza / H. Wang -- 7.12. Strategies for Stable Biochars and Biosorbents / N.K. Niazi / B. Murtaza / I. Bibi / M. Shahid / J.C. White / M.E. Nawaz / S. Bashir / M.B. Shakoor / G. Choppala / G. Murtaza / H. Wang.

Note continued: 7.13. Recovery of Metals and Regeneration of Biosorbents and Biochars / N.K. Niazi / B. Murtaza / I. Bibi / M. Shahid / J.C. White / M.E. Nawaz / S. Bashir / M.B. Shakoor / G. Choppala / G. Murtaza / H. Wang -- 7.14. Conclusions / M. Shahid / J.C. White / M.E. Nawaz / S. Bashir / M.B. Shakoor / G. Choppala / G. Murtaza / H. Wang / N.K. Niazi / B. Murtaza / I. Bibi -- Acknowledgments / N.K. Niazi / B. Murtaza / I. Bibi / M. Shahid / J.C. White / M.E. Nawaz / S. Bashir / M.B. Shakoor / G. Choppala / G. Murtaza / H. Wang -- References / N.K. Niazi / B. Murtaza / I. Bibi / M. Shahid / J.C. White / M.E. Nawaz / S. Bashir / M.B. Shakoor / G. Choppala / G. Murtaza / H. Wang -- 8.1. Introduction / J. Ling / R.A. de Toledo / H. Shim -- 8.2. Materials and Methods / J. Ling / R.A. de Toledo / H. Shim -- 8.2.1. Materials / J. Ling / R.A. de Toledo / H. Shim -- 8.2.2. Experimental Setup / J. Ling / R.A. de Toledo / H. Shim.

Note continued: 8.2.3. Analytical Methods / J. Ling / R.A. de Toledo / H. Shim -- 8.3. Results and Discussion / J. Ling / R.A. de Toledo / H. Shim -- 8.3.1. Lipid Production From Different Wastewaters by Oleaginous Yeast / J. Ling / R.A. de Toledo / H. Shim -- 8.3.2. Influence of Initial Cell Density in Rice Wine Distillery Wastewater Under Nonsterile Conditions / J. Ling / R.A. de Toledo / H. Shim -- 8.3.3. Mixed Culture of Yeast and Microalgae / J. Ling / R.A. de Toledo / H. Shim -- 8.3.4. Biodiesel Production / J. Ling / R.A. de Toledo / H. Shim -- 8.4. Conclusion / J. Ling / R.A. de Toledo / H. Shim -- Acknowledgments / R.A. de Toledo / H. Shim / J. Ling -- References / J. Ling / R.A. de Toledo / H. Shim -- 9.1. Introduction / V. Matichenkov / E. Bocharnikova -- 9.2. Materials and Methods / V. Matichenkov / E. Bocharnikova -- 9.3. Results / V. Matichenkov / E. Bocharnikova -- 9.3.1. First Test / V. Matichenkov / E. Bocharnikova.

Note continued: 9.3.2. Second Test / V. Matichenkov / E. Bocharnikova -- 9.3.3. Third Test / V. Matichenkov / E. Bocharnikova -- 9.3.4. Discussion / V. Matichenkov / E. Bocharnikova -- 9.4. Conclusions / V. Matichenkov / E. Bocharnikova -- References / V. Matichenkov / E. Bocharnikova -- 10.1. Introduction / V.K. Tyagi / S.L. Lo -- 10.2. Sludge Characterization / V.K. Tyagi / S.L. Lo -- 10.3. Methods for Energy and Resource Recovery / V.K. Tyagi / S.L. Lo -- 10.3.1. Anaerobic Digestion / V.K. Tyagi / S.L. Lo -- 10.3.2. Incineration and Co-incineration / V.K. Tyagi / S.L. Lo -- 10.3.3. Gasification / V.K. Tyagi / S.L. Lo -- 10.3.4. Pyrolysis / V.K. Tyagi / S.L. Lo -- 10.3.5. Wet Air Oxidation / V.K. Tyagi / S.L. Lo -- 10.3.6. Supercritical Water Oxidation / V.K. Tyagi / S.L. Lo -- 10.3.7. Hydrothermal Treatment / V.K. Tyagi / S.L. Lo -- 10.4. Energy and Resource Recovery / V.K. Tyagi / S.L. Lo -- 10.4.1. Biogas Recovery by Anaerobic Digestion / V.K. Tyagi / S.L. Lo.

Note continued: 10.4.2. Nutrient Recovery / V.K. Tyagi / S.L. Lo -- 10.4.3. Heavy Metals Recovery / V.K. Tyagi / S.L. Lo -- 10.4.4. Biofuel Production / V.K. Tyagi / S.L. Lo -- 10.4.5. Construction Material / V.K. Tyagi / S.L. Lo -- 10.4.6. Electricity Production From Sludge by Microbial Fuel Cells / V.K. Tyagi / S.L. Lo -- 10.4.7. Bioplastic / V.K. Tyagi / S.L. Lo -- 10.4.8. Biofertilizers / V.K. Tyagi / S.L. Lo -- 10.5. Overall Status of Sludge Reuse for Energy and Resource Recovery / V.K. Tyagi / S.L. Lo -- 10.6. Summary / S.L. Lo / V.K. Tyagi -- References / V.K. Tyagi / S.L. Lo -- 11.1. Chromite Resources: Global and in Turkey / N. Koleli / A. Demir -- 11.2. Raw Materials Used in Industry and Waste Generated / N. Koleli / A. Demir -- 11.2.1. Wastes of Chromite Mining / N. Koleli / A. Demir -- 11.2.2. Wastes of Beneficiation / A. Demir / N. Koleli -- 11.2.3. Wastes of Smelters / N. Koleli / A. Demir -- 11.3. Toxic Effect of Chromium Wastes on Humans / N. Koleli / A. Demir.

Note continued: 11.4. Recovery of Useful Products From Chromite Industry / N. Koleli / A. Demir -- Acknowledgments / A. Demir / N. Koleli -- References / N. Koleli / A. Demir -- 12.1. Chromium Wastes / Y. Fei / C. Liu -- 12.1.1. Chromium and Pollution Sources / Y. Fei / C. Liu -- 12.1.2. Characteristics of Chromium Speciations / Y. Fei / C. Liu -- 12.1.3. Chromite Ore-Processing Residue / Y. Fei / C. Liu -- 12.1.4. Ferrochrome and Stainless-Steel Plants: Dust and Waste Acid Treatment Sludge / Y. Fei / C. Liu -- 12.1.5. Leather Industry: Tanning and Posttanning Wastes / Y. Fei / C. Liu -- 12.2. Regulations for Chromium in Wastes and Environment Matrix / Y. Fei / C. Liu -- 12.3. Simple Detoxification and Disposal / Y. Fei / C. Liu -- 12.4. Stabilization/Solidification Processes / Y. Fei / C. Liu -- 12.4.1. Basic Cementation Processes / C. Liu / Y. Fei -- 12.4.2. Modified Cementation Processes / C. Liu / Y. Fei.

Note continued: 12.4.3. Lime-Based Stabilization/Solidification Processes / C. Liu / Y. Fei -- 12.4.4. Thermal Stabilization Processes / C. Liu / Y. Fei -- 12.5. Secondary Recycling / C. Liu / Y. Fei -- 12.5.1. Cement / C. Liu / Y. Fei -- 12.5.2. Glass-Ceramic Materials / C. Liu / Y. Fei -- 12.5.3. Bricks / C. Liu / Y. Fei -- 12.5.4. Pigments / C. Liu / Y. Fei -- 12.6. Summary / C. Liu / Y. Fei -- Acknowledgments / C. Liu / Y. Fei -- References / C. Liu / Y. Fei -- 13.1. Introduction / A. Kumar / Tripti / S.K. Maiti / M.N.V. Prasad -- 13.2. World Scenario of Asbestos / A. Kumar / Tripti / S.K. Maiti / M.N.V. Prasad -- 13.2.1. Worldwide Production and Consumption / A. Kumar / Tripti / S.K. Maiti / M.N.V. Prasad -- 13.2.2. Use of Asbestos and Its Waste / A. Kumar / Tripti / S.K. Maiti / M.N.V. Prasad -- 13.2.3. Substitutes of Asbestos / A. Kumar / Tripti / S.K. Maiti / M.N.V. Prasad -- 13.3. Environmental and Health Impact of Asbestos / A. Kumar / Tripti / S.K. Maiti / M.N.V. Prasad.

Note continued: 13.3.1. Environmental Impact / S.K. Maiti / M.N.V. Prasad / A. Kumar / Tripti -- 13.3.2. Health Impact / A. Kumar / Tripti / S.K. Maiti / M.N.V. Prasad -- 13.4. Cleanup Technologies / A. Kumar / Tripti / S.K. Maiti / M.N.V. Prasad -- 13.4.1. Phytoremediation / A. Kumar / Tripti / S.K. Maiti / M.N.V. Prasad -- 13.4.2. Bioremediation / A. Kumar / Tripti / S.K. Maiti / M.N.V. Prasad -- 13.5. Case Studies / A. Kumar / Tripti / S.K. Maiti / M.N.V. Prasad -- 13.5.1. India / A. Kumar / Tripti / S.K. Maiti / M.N.V. Prasad -- References / A. Kumar / Tripti / S.K. Maiti / M.N.V. Prasad -- 14.1. Introduction / M.N.V Prasad -- 14.2. Natural Gypsum Applications and Reuse / M.N.V Prasad -- 14.3. Synthetic Gypsum / M.N.V Prasad -- 14.4. Flue Gas Desulfurization Gypsum / M.N.V Prasad -- 14.5. Processing Flue Gas Desulfurization Gypsum / M.N.V Prasad -- 14.6. Phosphate Mineral Fertilizers: P2O5 / M.N.V Prasad -- 14.7. Production of Phosphoric Acid / M.N.V Prasad.

Note continued: 14.7.1. Manufacturing Process of Phosphoric Acid / M.N.V Prasad -- 14.8. Characteristics of Phosphogypsum / M.N.V Prasad -- 14.9. Management and Handling of Phosphogypsum / M.N.V Prasad -- 14.10. Phosphogypsum in Phosphoric Acid Plants / M.N.V Prasad -- 14.11. Use of Phosphogypsum / M.N.V Prasad -- 14.12. Application of Phosphogypsum in Areas of Environment and Material Science / M.N.V Prasad -- 14.13. Different Types of By-Products of Gypsum / M.N.V Prasad -- 14.13.1. Phosphogyps um / M.N.V Prasad -- 14.13.2. Titanogypsum / M.N.V Prasad -- 14.13.3. Citrogypsum / M.N.V Prasad -- 14.13.4. Fluoroanhydrite / M.N.V Prasad -- 14.13.5. Other Synthetic Gypsum / M.N.V Prasad -- 14.14. Manufacture of Ammonium Sulfate / M.N.V Prasad -- 14.15. Flue Gas Desulfurization Gypsum as a Source of Calcium and Sulfur for Crops / M.N.V Prasad -- 14.16. Uranium Recovery From Phosphoric Acid via Hydrometallurgy and Solvent Extraction / M.N.V Prasad -- Acknowledgments / M.N.V Prasad.

Note continued: References / M.N.V Prasad -- 15.1. Introduction / J. Koelmel / M.N.V Prasad / S. Venkata Mohan / S.K. Butti / G. Velvizhi -- 15.2. Minerals and Metals Mass Consumption / J. Koelmel / M.N.V Prasad / S. Venkata Mohan / S.K. Butti / G. Velvizhi -- 15.2.1. Fuel Combustion / J. Koelmel / M.N.V Prasad / S. Venkata Mohan / S.K. Butti / G. Velvizhi -- 15.2.2. Waste Recycling Operations / J. Koelmel / M.N.V Prasad / S. Venkata Mohan / S.K. Butti / G. Velvizhi -- 15.2.3. Mining, Smelting, and Secondary Production / J. Koelmel / M.N.V Prasad / S. Venkata Mohan / S.K. Butti / G. Velvizhi -- 15.2.4. Major Building Materials: Cement and Steel / J. Koelmel / M.N.V Prasad / S. Venkata Mohan / S.K. Butti / G. Velvizhi -- 15.2.5. Arsenic / J. Koelmel / M.N.V Prasad / S. Venkata Mohan / S.K. Butti / G. Velvizhi -- 15.2.6. Mercury / J. Koelmel / M.N.V Prasad / S. Venkata Mohan / S.K. Butti / G. Velvizhi.

Note continued: 15.2.7. Lead / J. Koelmel / M.N.V Prasad / S. Venkata Mohan / S.K. Butti / G. Velvizhi -- 15.3. Human Exposure to Metals Through Food and Cosmetics / J. Koelmel / M.N.V Prasad / S. Venkata Mohan / S.K. Butti / G. Velvizhi -- 15.3.1. Seafood / J. Koelmel / M.N.V Prasad / S. Venkata Mohan / S.K. Butti / G. Velvizhi -- 15.3.2. Contamination of Major Food Sources in India / J. Koelmel / M.N.V Prasad / G. Velvizhi / S.K. Butti / S. Venkata Mohan -- 15.4. Metal Recovery Techniques and Processes for the Prevention of Pollution / J. Koelmel / M.N.V Prasad / S. Venkata Mohan / S.K. Butti / G. Velvizhi -- 15.4.1. Physical Methods / J. Koelmel / M.N.V Prasad / S. Venkata Mohan / S.K. Butti / G. Velvizhi -- 15.4.2. Chemical Methods / S. Venkata Mohan / J. Koelmel / S.K. Butti / G. Velvizhi / M.N.V Prasad -- 15.4.3. Electrochemical / J. Koelmel / M.N.V Prasad / S. Venkata Mohan / S.K. Butti / G. Velvizhi.

Note continued: 15.4.4. Biological Methods / J. Koelmel / M.N.V Prasad / S. Venkata Mohan / S.K. Butti / G. Velvizhi -- 15.4.5. Advanced Biological Methods: Bioelectrochemical Systems / J. Koelmel / M.N.V Prasad / S. Venkata Mohan / S.K. Butti / G. Velvizhi -- 15.5. Pollution Prevention / J. Koelmel / M.N.V Prasad / S. Venkata Mohan / S.K. Butti / G. Velvizhi -- Acknowledgments / J. Koelmel / M.N.V Prasad / S. Venkata Mohan / S.K. Butti / G. Velvizhi -- References / J. Koelmel / M.N.V Prasad / S. Venkata Mohan / S.K. Butti / G. Velvizhi -- Appendix 1: Emission Factors of Trace Metals / J. Koelmel / M.N.V Prasad / S. Venkata Mohan / S.K. Butti / G. Velvizhi -- 16.1. Introduction to Extracellular Electron Transfer / D.M. Gurumurthy / F. Zhao -- 16.1.1. Background / D.M. Gurumurthy / F. Zhao -- 16.1.2. Microbial "Respiration" / D.M. Gurumurthy / F. Zhao -- 16.2. Extracellular Electron Transfer / D.M. Gurumurthy / F. Zhao.

Note continued: 16.2.1. Extracellular Electron Transfer Type and Mechanism / D.M. Gurumurthy / F. Zhao -- 16.2.2. Indirect Electron Transfer / D.M. Gurumurthy / F. Zhao -- 16.2.3. Direct Electron Transfer / D.M. Gurumurthy / F. Zhao -- 16.3. Resources Recovery Based on Extracellular Electron Transfer / D.M. Gurumurthy / F. Zhao -- 16.3.1. Metals / D.M. Gurumurthy / F. Zhao -- 16.3.2. Nutrients / D.M. Gurumurthy / F. Zhao -- 16.3.3. Hydrogen / D.M. Gurumurthy / F. Zhao -- 16.3.4. Methane / D.M. Gurumurthy / F. Zhao -- 16.3.5. Ethanol / D.M. Gurumurthy / F. Zhao -- 16.3.6. Dioxidane and Hydrogen Peroxide / D.M. Gurumurthy / F. Zhao -- 16.4. Summary and Future Perspective / D.M. Gurumurthy / F. Zhao -- References / D.M. Gurumurthy / F. Zhao -- 17.1. Introduction / P.J.C. Favas / S.K. Sarkar / M.N.V Prasad / P. Venkatachalam / D. Rakshit -- 17.2. Origins of Acid Mine Drainage / P.J.C. Favas / S.K. Sarkar / M.N.V Prasad / P. Venkatachalam / D. Rakshit.

Note continued: 17.2.1. Pyrite Oxidation Mechanisms / P.J.C. Favas / S.K. Sarkar / M.N.V Prasad / P. Venkatachalam / D. Rakshit -- 17.2.2. Sulfide Weathering Products / P.J.C. Favas / S.K. Sarkar / M.N.V Prasad / P. Venkatachalam / D. Rakshit -- 17.3. Characteristics of Acid Mine Drainage / P.J.C. Favas / S.K. Sarkar / M.N.V Prasad / P. Venkatachalam / D. Rakshit -- 17.3.1.pH, Acidity, and Alkalinity / P.J.C. Favas / S.K. Sarkar / M.N.V Prasad / P. Venkatachalam / D. Rakshit -- 17.3.2. Heavy Metal Concentrations / P.J.C. Favas / S.K. Sarkar / D. Rakshit / P. Venkatachalam / M.N.V Prasad -- 17.3.3. Iron and Aluminum Concentrations / P.J.C. Favas / S.K. Sarkar / M.N.V Prasad / P. Venkatachalam / D. Rakshit -- 17.3.4. Sulfate and Arsenate Concentrations / P.J.C. Favas / S.K. Sarkar / M.N.V Prasad / P. Venkatachalam / D. Rakshit -- 17.3.5. Turbidity and Suspended Solids / P.J.C. Favas / S.K. Sarkar / M.N.V Prasad / P. Venkatachalam / D. Rakshit.

Note continued: 17.4. Factors Controlling the Formation of Acid Mine Drainage / P.J.C. Favas / S.K. Sarkar / M.N.V Prasad / P. Venkatachalam / D. Rakshit -- 17.5. Environmental Impact of Acid Mine Drainage / P.J.C. Favas / S.K. Sarkar / M.N.V Prasad / P. Venkatachalam / D. Rakshit -- 17.5.1. Impact on Water Quality / P.J.C. Favas / S.K. Sarkar / M.N.V Prasad / P. Venkatachalam / D. Rakshit -- 17.5.2. Impact on the Fluvial Ecosystem / P.J.C. Favas / S.K. Sarkar / M.N.V Prasad / P. Venkatachalam / D. Rakshit -- 17.5.3. Visual Impact / M.N.V Prasad / P.J.C. Favas / P. Venkatachalam / D. Rakshit / S.K. Sarkar -- 17.6. Resource Recovery From Acid Mine Drainage / P.J.C. Favas / S.K. Sarkar / M.N.V Prasad / P. Venkatachalam / D. Rakshit -- 17.6.1. Application of Filter Materials / P.J.C. Favas / S.K. Sarkar / M.N.V Prasad / P. Venkatachalam / D. Rakshit -- 17.6.2. Using Modular Bioreactors / P.J.C. Favas / S.K. Sarkar / M.N.V Prasad / P. Venkatachalam / D. Rakshit.

Note continued: 17.6.3. Using Permeable Reactive Barriers / P.J.C. Favas / S.K. Sarkar / M.N.V Prasad / P. Venkatachalam / D. Rakshit -- 17.7. Prevention, Mitigation, and Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage / P.J.C. Favas / S.K. Sarkar / M.N.V Prasad / P. Venkatachalam / D. Rakshit -- 17.7.1. Passive Treatment Methods / P.J.C. Favas / S.K. Sarkar / M.N.V Prasad / P. Venkatachalam / D. Rakshit -- 17.8. Hydrochemistry of Acid Mine Drainages and Superficial Waters From Abandoned Mines of North Portugal: Environmental Implications / P.J.C. Favas / S.K. Sarkar / M.N.V Prasad / P. Venkatachalam / D. Rakshit -- 17.8.1. Study Areas / P.J.C. Favas / S.K. Sarkar / M.N.V Prasad / P. Venkatachalam / D. Rakshit -- 17.8.2. Methods / P.J.C. Favas / S.K. Sarkar / M.N.V Prasad / P. Venkatachalam / D. Rakshit -- 17.8.3. Results and Discussion / P.J.C. Favas / S.K. Sarkar / M.N.V Prasad / P. Venkatachalam / D. Rakshit.

Note continued: 17.8.4. Conclusions / P.J.C. Favas / S.K. Sarkar / M.N.V Prasad / P. Venkatachalam / D. Rakshit -- References / P.J.C. Favas / S.K. Sarkar / M.N.V Prasad / P. Venkatachalam / D. Rakshit -- 18.1. Introduction / P. Beckett / G. Spiers / S. Koptsik / G. Koptsik -- 18.2. The Sudbury Experience / G. Koptsik / P. Beckett / G. Spiers / S. Koptsik -- 18.3. The Kola Story / G. Koptsik / P. Beckett / G. Spiers / S. Koptsik -- 18.4.Common Solutions / G. Koptsik / P. Beckett / G. Spiers / S. Koptsik -- 18.5. Lessons to Be Learned / G. Koptsik / P. Beckett / G. Spiers / S. Koptsik -- Acknowledgments / G. Koptsik / P. Beckett / G. Spiers / S. Koptsik -- References / G. Koptsik / P. Beckett / G. Spiers / S. Koptsik -- 19.1. Introduction / R.K. Patel / M.K. Sahu -- 19.2. Red Mud Chemistry / R.K. Patel / M.K. Sahu -- 19.2.1. Red Mud Generation / R.K. Patel / M.K. Sahu -- 19.2.2. Constituent of Red Mud / R.K. Patel / M.K. Sahu.

Note continued: 19.2.3. International Status of Red Mud Management / R.K. Patel / M.K. Sahu -- 19.2.4. Current Status of Red Mud Management in India / R.K. Patel / M.K. Sahu -- 19.2.5. Problem Related to Red Mud Management / R.K. Patel / M.K. Sahu -- 19.3. Methods for the Use of Red Mud / R.K. Patel / M.K. Sahu -- 19.3.1. Recovery of Valuable Elements From Red Mud / R.K. Patel / M.K. Sahu -- 19.3.2. Use of Red Mud as Building Materials / R.K. Patel / M.K. Sahu -- 19.3.3. Use of Red Mud as Pigment / R.K. Patel / M.K. Sahu -- 19.3.4. Use of Red Mud as Filling Material / R.K. Patel / M.K. Sahu -- 19.3.5. Use of Red Mud in Wastewater Treatment / R.K. Patel / M.K. Sahu -- 19.3.6. Use of Red Mud to Adsorb and Purify Toxic Waste Gases / R.K. Patel / M.K. Sahu -- 19.3.7. Use of Red Mud as Catalyst / R.K. Patel / M.K. Sahu -- 19.4. Conclusion / R.K. Patel / M.K. Sahu -- Abbreviations / R.K. Patel / M.K. Sahu -- Acknowledgments / R.K. Patel / M.K. Sahu.

Note continued: References / R.K. Patel / M.K. Sahu -- 20.1. Introduction / C.Z. Liao / K. Shih -- 20.2. Characterization of Red Mud / K. Shih / C.Z. Liao -- 20.2.1. Generation of Red Mud / K. Shih / C.Z. Liao -- 20.2.2. Chemical and Phase Compositions of Red Mud / C.Z. Liao / K. Shih -- 20.3. Thermal Analysis / K. Shih / C.Z. Liao -- 20.3.1. Analysis of Thermogravimetry, Derivative Thermogravimetry, Differential Scanning Calorimetry, and Differential Thermal Analysis / K. Shih / C.Z. Liao -- 20.3.2. Thermally Phase Transformations and Processes / K. Shih / C.Z. Liao -- 20.4. Thermally Immobilizing Hazardous Metals / K. Shih / C.Z. Liao -- 20.5. Making Glass-Ceramic / K. Shih / C.Z. Liao -- 20.6. Future Research / K. Shih / C.Z. Liao -- Acknowledgments / K. Shih / C.Z. Liao -- References / K. Shih / C.Z. Liao -- 21.1. Introduction / I. Bibi / J. Icenhower / S. Bashir / T. Naz / M. Shahid / N.K. Niazi.

Note continued: 21.2. Types, Structure, Classification, and Characteristics of Clay Minerals / I. Bibi / J. Icenhower / S. Bashir / T. Naz / M. Shahid / N.K. Niazi -- 21.2.1. Clay Minerals: Structure and Chemistry / I. Bibi / J. Icenhower / S. Bashir / T. Naz / M. Shahid / N.K. Niazi -- 21.3. Clay Minerals and Environmental Applications / I. Bibi / J. Icenhower / S. Bashir / T. Naz / M. Shahid / N.K. Niazi -- 21.3.1. Clay Minerals as Sorbents for Toxic Gaseous Contaminants / I. Bibi / J. Icenhower / S. Bashir / T. Naz / M. Shahid / N.K. Niazi -- 21.3.2. Clay Minerals for Immobilization of Environmental Contaminants / I. Bibi / J. Icenhower / S. Bashir / T. Naz / M. Shahid / N.K. Niazi -- 21.4. Sorption of Organic Contaminants / S. Bashir / I. Bibi / M. Shahid / N.K. Niazi / T. Naz / J. Icenhower -- 21.4.1. Sorption of Dyes, Antibiotics, and Other Organic Contaminants / I. Bibi / J. Icenhower / S. Bashir / T. Naz / M. Shahid / N.K. Niazi.

Note continued: 21.5. Heavy Metal and Metalloid Interactions With Clay Minerals Under Natural and Engineered Environmental Conditions / I. Bibi / J. Icenhower / S. Bashir / T. Naz / M. Shahid / N.K. Niazi -- 21.6. Clay Minerals and CO2 Sequestration / I. Bibi / J. Icenhower / S. Bashir / T. Naz / M. Shahid / N.K. Niazi -- 21.7. Clay Mineral Weathering and Metal Cation Leaching in the Soil and Sediment Environments / I. Bibi / J. Icenhower / S. Bashir / T. Naz / M. Shahid / N.K. Niazi -- 21.8. Summary and Conclusions / I. Bibi / J. Icenhower / S. Bashir / T. Naz / M. Shahid / N.K. Niazi -- Acknowledgments / I. Bibi / J. Icenhower / S. Bashir / T. Naz / M. Shahid / N.K. Niazi -- References / I. Bibi / J. Icenhower / S. Bashir / T. Naz / M. Shahid / N.K. Niazi -- 22.1. Introduction / S. Chowdhury / N. Khan / N.S. Bolan / J. Harris / P. Longhurst / G.H. Kim -- 22.2. Properties of Natural Zeolite / S. Chowdhury / N. Khan / N.S. Bolan / J. Harris / P. Longhurst / G.H. Kim.

Note continued: 22.3. Modification of Natural Zeolite / S. Chowdhury / N. Khan / N.S. Bolan / J. Harris / P. Longhurst / G.H. Kim -- 22.3.1. Acid-Base Treatment / J. Harris / P. Longhurst / G.H. Kim / S. Chowdhury / N. Khan / N.S. Bolan -- 22.3.2. Inorganic Salt or Surfactant Modification / S. Chowdhury / N. Khan / N.S. Bolan / J. Harris / P. Longhurst / G.H. Kim -- 22.4. Application of Zeolite in Wastewater Treatment / S. Chowdhury / N. Khan / N.S. Bolan / J. Harris / P. Longhurst / G.H. Kim -- 22.4.1. Nutrients / S. Chowdhury / N. Khan / N.S. Bolan / J. Harris / P. Longhurst / G.H. Kim -- 22.4.2. Heavy Metals / S. Chowdhury / N. Khan / N.S. Bolan / J. Harris / P. Longhurst / G.H. Kim -- 22.4.3.Organic Contaminants / S. Chowdhury / N. Khan / N.S. Bolan / J. Harris / P. Longhurst / G.H. Kim -- 22.5. Biomass Production / S. Chowdhury / N. Khan / N.S. Bolan / J. Harris / P. Longhurst / G.H. Kim.

Note continued: 22.6. Revegetation Potential of Nutrient-Enriched Zeolite / S. Chowdhury / N. Khan / N.S. Bolan / J. Harris / P. Longhurst / G.H. Kim -- 22.7. Conclusions / S. Chowdhury / N. Khan / N.S. Bolan / J. Harris / P. Longhurst / G.H. Kim -- Acknowledgment / S. Chowdhury / N. Khan / N.S. Bolan / J. Harris / P. Longhurst / G.H. Kim -- References / S. Chowdhury / N. Khan / N.S. Bolan / J. Harris / P. Longhurst / G.H. Kim -- 23.1. Introduction / N.S. Dionisiou / T. Matsi -- 23.2. Structure, Properties, and Sources of Natural Zeolite / T. Matsi / N.S. Dionisiou -- 23.3. Applications of Natural Zeolite for Environmental Purposes / T. Matsi / N.S. Dionisiou -- 23.4. Surface Modification of Natural Zeolite / T. Matsi / N.S. Dionisiou -- 23.5. Applications of Surfactant-Modified Zeolite for Environmental Purposes / T. Matsi / N.S. Dionisiou -- 23.5.1. Removal of Inorganic Anionic Pollutants / T. Matsi / N.S. Dionisiou.

Note continued: 23.5.2. Removal of Inorganic Cationic Pollutants / T. Matsi / N.S. Dionisiou -- 23.5.3. Removal of Organic Pollutants / N.S. Dionisiou / T. Matsi -- 23.6. Conclusions / T. Matsi / N.S. Dionisiou -- References / T. Matsi / N.S. Dionisiou -- 24.1. Introduction / T. Astrup / A. Muntoni / A. Van Zomeren / R. Pomi / T. Van Gerven / A. Polettini -- 24.2. Bottom Ash Characteristics / T. Astrup / A. Muntoni / A. Van Zomeren / R. Pomi / T. Van Gerven / A. Polettini -- 24.2.1. Physical Characteristics / T. Astrup / A. Muntoni / A. Van Zomeren / R. Pomi / T. Van Gerven / A. Polettini -- 24.2.2. Chemical Characteristics / T. Astrup / A. Muntoni / A. Van Zomeren / R. Pomi / T. Van Gerven / A. Polettini -- 24.3. Bottom Ash Processing / T. Astrup / A. Muntoni / A. Van Zomeren / R. Pomi / T. Van Gerven / A. Polettini -- 24.3.1. Extraction and Separation / T. Astrup / A. Muntoni / A. Van Zomeren / R. Pomi / T. Van Gerven / A. Polettini.

Note continued: 24.3.2. Chemical Processes / A. Van Zomeren / T. Astrup / T. Van Gerven / A. Polettini / R. Pomi / A. Muntoni -- 24.3.3. Thermal Processes / T. Astrup / A. Muntoni / A. Van Zomeren / R. Pomi / T. Van Gerven / A. Polettini -- 24.3.4. Utilization Options / T. Astrup / A. Muntoni / A. Van Zomeren / R. Pomi / T. Van Gerven / A. Polettini -- 24.4. Conclusions and Recommendations / T. Astrup / A. Muntoni / A. Van Zomeren / R. Pomi / T. Van Gerven / A. Polettini -- References / T. Astrup / A. Muntoni / A. Van Zomeren / R. Pomi / T. Van Gerven / A. Polettini -- 25.1. Introduction / E. Evangelou / C.D. Tsadilas -- 25.2. Coal Fly Ash / E. Evangelou / C.D. Tsadilas -- 25.3. Coal Fly Ash Characteristics / E. Evangelou / C.D. Tsadilas -- 25.4. Elemental Composition of Coal Fly Ash / E. Evangelou / C.D. Tsadilas -- 25.5. Boron / E. Evangelou / C.D. Tsadilas -- 25.6. Importance of Boron for Life on Earth / E. Evangelou / C.D. Tsadilas.

Note continued: 25.7. Importance of Boron for Plants / E. Evangelou / C.D. Tsadilas -- 25.8. Importance of Boron for Animals / E. Evangelou / C.D. Tsadilas -- 25.9. Boron in the Environment / E. Evangelou / C.D. Tsadilas -- 25.9.1. Boron Sources / E. Evangelou / C.D. Tsadilas -- 25.9.2. Boron in Soils / E. Evangelou / C.D. Tsadilas -- 25.9.3. Boron in Water / E. Evangelou / C.D. Tsadilas -- 25.10. Boron in Coal Fly Ash / E. Evangelou / C.D. Tsadilas -- 25.11. Boron Forms in Coal Fly Ash / E. Evangelou / C.D. Tsadilas -- 25.12. Use of Coal Fly Ash With Respect to Boron / E. Evangelou / C.D. Tsadilas -- 25.12.1. As Soil Ameliorant to Improve Soil Fertility / E. Evangelou / C.D. Tsadilas -- 25.13. Use of Coal Fly Ash for Boron Removal From Water and Wastewater / E. Evangelou / C.D. Tsadilas -- 25.14. Conclusions / E. Evangelou / C.D. Tsadilas -- References / E. Evangelou / C.D. Tsadilas -- 26.1. Introduction / K. Shih / H. Yan.

Note continued: 26.2. Characteristics of Struvite-Type Compounds / H. Yan / K. Shih -- 26.2.1. Chemical and Physical Properties / H. Yan / K. Shih -- 26.2.2. Crystallographic Properties by X-ray Diffraction Analysis / H. Yan / K. Shih -- 26.2.3. Thermal Analysis of Struvite-Type Compounds / H. Yan / K. Shih -- 26.3. Key Factors Influencing Struvite Crystallization / H. Yan / K. Shih -- 26.3.1. Supersaturation and Molar Ratio / H. Yan / K. Shih -- 26.3.2.pH / H. Yan / K. Shih -- 26.3.3. Temperature / H. Yan / K. Shih -- 26.3.4. Coexisting Foreign Ions / H. Yan / K. Shih -- 26.4. Quantification of Struvite in Precipitates / H. Yan / K. Shih -- 26.5.K-Struvite Production Techniques / H. Yan / K. Shih -- 26.5.1. Recover K-Struvite From Urine / H. Yan / K. Shih -- 26.5.2. Recovery of K-Struvite From Other Sources / K. Shih / H. Yan -- 26.5.3. Mechanochemical Route for Preparing K-Struvite / H. Yan / K. Shih -- 26.6. Challenges and Future Prospects / H. Yan / K. Shih.

Note continued: 26.6.1. Heavy Metal Contamination Problems in Struvite Crystallization / H. Yan / K. Shih -- 26.6.2. Fertilizer Prospects / H. Yan / K. Shih -- 26.6.3. Economic Considerations / H. Yan / K. Shih -- 26.7. Summary / H. Yan / K. Shih -- Acknowledgments / H. Yan / K. Shih -- References / H. Yan / K. Shih -- 27.1. Introduction / R. Karunanithi / A. Szogi / N.S. Bolan / B. Seshadri / Y.S. Ok / S. Krishnamurthy / R. Naidu -- 27.2. Importance of Phosphorus / R. Karunanithi / A. Szogi / N.S. Bolan / B. Seshadri / Y.S. Ok / S. Krishnamurthy / R. Naidu -- 27.3. Source of Phosphorus in the Environment / R. Karunanithi / A. Szogi / N.S. Bolan / B. Seshadri / Y.S. Ok / S. Krishnamurthy / R. Naidu -- 27.4. Negative Impact of Phosphorus on the Environment / R. Karunanithi / A. Szogi / N.S. Bolan / B. Seshadri / Y.S. Ok / S. Krishnamurthy / R. Naidu.

Note continued: 27.5. Wastes as a Phosphorus Source / R. Karunanithi / A. Szogi / N.S. Bolan / B. Seshadri / Y.S. Ok / S. Krishnamurthy / R. Naidu -- 27.5.1. Animal Manures / R. Karunanithi / A. Szogi / N.S. Bolan / B. Seshadri / Y.S. Ok / S. Krishnamurthy / R. Naidu -- 27.5.2. Agricultural Effluents / R. Karunanithi / A. Szogi / N.S. Bolan / B. Seshadri / Y.S. Ok / S. Krishnamurthy / R. Naidu -- 27.5.3. Industrial Effluents / R. Karunanithi / A. Szogi / N.S. Bolan / B. Seshadri / Y.S. Ok / S. Krishnamurthy / R. Naidu -- 27.5.4. Municipal Wastewater / R. Karunanithi / A. Szogi / N.S. Bolan / B. Seshadri / Y.S. Ok / S. Krishnamurthy / R. Naidu -- 27.5.5. Biosolids / R. Karunanithi / A. Szogi / N.S. Bolan / B. Seshadri / Y.S. Ok / S. Krishnamurthy / R. Naidu -- 27.6. Methods of Recovering Phosphorous From Wastes / R. Karunanithi / A. Szogi / N.S. Bolan / B. Seshadri / Y.S. Ok / S. Krishnamurthy / R. Naidu.

Note continued: 27.6.1. Enhanced Bioprocess Phosphorus Removal / R. Karunanithi / A. Szogi / N.S. Bolan / B. Seshadri / Y.S. Ok / S. Krishnamurthy / R. Naidu -- 27.6.2. Precipitation / A. Szogi / N.S. Bolan / R. Naidu / R. Karunanithi / S. Krishnamurthy / B. Seshadri / Y.S. Ok -- 27.6.3. Recovery of Phosphorus as Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate (Struvite) / R. Karunanithi / A. Szogi / N.S. Bolan / B. Seshadri / Y.S. Ok / S. Krishnamurthy / R. Naidu -- 27.6.4. Struvite Recovery From Effluent / R. Karunanithi / A. Szogi / N.S. Bolan / B. Seshadri / Y.S. Ok / S. Krishnamurthy / R. Naidu -- 27.6.5. Recovery of Phosphate as Calcium Phosphate / R. Karunanithi / A. Szogi / N.S. Bolan / B. Seshadri / Y.S. Ok / S. Krishnamurthy / R. Naidu -- 27.6.6. Calcium Phosphate Recovery From Effluents / R. Karunanithi / A. Szogi / N.S. Bolan / B. Seshadri / Y.S. Ok / S. Krishnamurthy / R. Naidu.