Includes bibliographical references and index.

Online resource; title from PDF title page (ScienceDirect, viewed September 12, 2016).

Front Cover; Fundamentals of Toxicology; Copyright Page; Contents; About the Author; Foreword; Preface; Unit I; 1 Introduction and historical background; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Historical Background; 1.2.1 Antiquity; 1.2.2 Middle Ages; 1.2.3 Age of Enlightenment; 1.3 Modern Toxicology; 1.3.1 After World War II; 2 Definitions and scope of toxicology; 2.1 Definitions; 2.2 Sub-disciplines of Toxicology; 2.3 Toxicant and Types of Toxicants; 2.4 Toxicity and Toxic Effects; 2.4.1 Toxicity in Relation to Frequency and Duration of Exposure.

2.4.2 Toxicity in Relation to Time of Development and Duration of Induced Effects2.5 Dose and Related Terms; 2.6 Other Common Terms; 2.7 Sources of Poisoning; 2.7.1 Accidental Poisoning; 2.7.2 Malicious Poisoning; 2.7.3 Occupational Exposure; 2.8 Duration and Frequency of Exposure; 3 Classification of poisons/toxicants; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Classification of Poisons; 3.3 Actions of Poisons; 4 Factors affecting toxicity; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Factors Affecting Toxicity; 4.2.1 Host Factors; 4.2.2 Factors Related to the Toxicant or Associated With Xenobiotics; 4.2.3 Environmental Conditions.

5 Natural laws concerning toxicology5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Tolerance; 5.3 Dose; 5.4 Time Action Curves; 5.5 Dose-Response Relationship; 5.5.1 Graded or Gradual Dose-Response Relationship; 5.5.2 Quantal or All-or-None Dose-Response Relationship; 5.6 Statistical Concept of Toxicity; 5.7 Variables of Dose-Response Curve; 5.8 Frequently Used Terms for Safety Evaluation of Drugs; 5.9 Interaction With Receptors; 5.10 Types of Xenobiotics; 5.11 Xenobiotic/Drug Interaction; 5.12 Nature and Extent of Toxicity Testing; 6 Hazard and risk assessment; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Risk Assessment Approach.

6.2.1 Preliminary Evaluation6.2.2 Toxicity Assessment; 6.2.3 Exposure Assessment; 6.3 Conclusion; Unit II; 7 Absorption, distribution, and excretion of toxicants; 7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Translocation of Xenobiotics Across Membranes; 7.2.1 Membrane Permeability; 7.2.2 Mechanism of Chemical Transfer; 7.2.3 Processes of Transport; 7.2.3.1 Passive transport; 7.2.3.2 Specialized active transport; 7.2.3.3 Additional transport processes; 7.3 Absorption; 7.3.1 Gastrointestinal Absorption; 7.3.2 Skin Absorption; 7.3.3 Lungs Absorption; 7.3.4 Parenteral Administration; 7.4 Distribution.

7.4.1 Tissue Permeability Barriers7.4.2 Transfer Across Other Membranes; 7.4.3 Factors Affecting Distribution and Tissue Retention; 7.4.4 Binding to Biological Macromolecules and Toxic Effects; 7.4.5 Redistribution; 7.5 Excretion; 7.5.1 Renal Excretion; 7.5.2 Biliary Excretion; 7.5.3 Gastrointestinal Tract; 7.5.4 Expired Air; 7.5.5 Sweat; 7.5.6 Saliva; 7.5.7 Milk; 7.5.8 Vaginal Secretions; 7.5.9 Other Routes; 8 Biotransformation; 8.1 Introduction; 8.2 Functions of Biotransformation; 8.3 Xenobiotic Metabolizing Enzymes; 8.4 Pathways of Biotransformation.