6.3 Flavonoids and Hepatic Side Effects.

Title page; Copyright page; Dedication; Contents; Foreword; Preface; Contributors; 1: Polyphenols and Flavonoids: An Overview; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Synthesis; 1.2.1 Synthesis of Flavonoids; 1.3 Sources; 1.4 Pharmacological Activities of Selected Flavonoids; 1.4.1 Hesperidin and Hesperetin; 1.4.2 Naringin and Naringenin; 1.4.3 Eriocitrin and Eriodictyol; 1.4.4 Phloretin; 1.4.5 Homoeriodictyol; 1.4.6 Isosakuranetin; 1.4.7 Taxifolin; 1.4.8 Sakuranetin; 1.4.9 Gallic Acid; 1.5 Conclusions; References; 2: Analysis of Flavonoids through Chromatography; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Polyphenols.

2.3 Chromatography2.3.1 Chromatographic Techniques; 2.3.2 Affinity Chromatography; 2.3.3 Ion-Exchange Chromatography; 2.3.4 Partition (Absorption); 2.3.5 Adsorption; 2.3.6 Paired Chromatography; 2.4 Detection; 2.4.1 Ultraviolet-Visible/Photodiode Array Detection; 2.4.2 Fluorescence Detection; 2.4.3 Mass Spectrometry; 2.4.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance; 2.4.5 Other Methods and Techniques; 2.5 Method Development; 2.5.1 Physicochemical Properties; 2.5.2 Mobile Phase; 2.5.3 Stationary Phase; 2.5.4 Internal and External Standards; 2.5.5 Processing; 2.6 Validation; 2.6.1 Peak Shape and Distribution.

2.6.2 Selectivity, Sensitivity, Accuracy, Precision, and Recovery2.6.3 Stability; 2.7 Summary; 2.8 Future Directions; 2.9 Conclusions; References; 3: Chiral Methods of Flavonoid Analysis; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Flavonoids and Chirality; 3.3 Separation of Enantiomers through Chromatography; 3.3.1 Chiral Stationary Phases (CSP) as Direct Methods; 3.3.2 Chiral Derivatization Techniques and Indirect Analysis; 3.4 Enantiomerization and Racemization; 3.5 Current Methods: Pros and Cons; 3.6 Flavanones; 3.6.1 Eriocitrin and Eriodictyol; 3.6.2 Flavanone; 3.6.3 Hesperidin and Hesperetin.

3.6.4 Homoeriodictyol3.6.5 Isosakuranetin; 3.6.6 Liquiritigenin; 3.6.7 Naringin and Naringenin; 3.6.8 Narirutin; 3.6.9 Neoeriocitrin; 3.6.10 Neohesperidin; 3.6.11 Pinocembrin; 3.6.12 Pinostrobin; 3.6.13 Prunin; 3.6.14 Sakuranetin; 3.6.15 Taxifolin; 3.6.16 6-Prenylnaringenin, 8-Prenylnaringenin, and Isoxanthohumol; 3.7 Catechins; 3.7.1 Catechin; 3.7.2 Catechin Gallate; 3.7.3 Epicatechin; 3.7.4 Epicatechin Gallate; 3.7.5 Epigallocatechin; 3.7.6 Epigallocatechin Gallate; 3.7.7 Gallocatechin; 3.8 Conclusions; References; 4: Preclinical Pharmacokinetics of Flavonoids; 4.1 Introduction.

4.2 Absorption4.3 Distribution; 4.4 Metabolism; 4.5 Excretion; 4.6 Conclusions; References; 5: Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Flavonoids; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Methods of Analysis; 5.3 Flavonoid Pharmacokinetics; 5.3.1 Nonchiral Flavonoids; 5.3.2 Chiral Flavonoids; 5.3.3 Flavonoid Derivatives; 5.4 Drug Interactions; 5.4.1 Effects of Flavonoids on Other Drug Pharmacokinetics; 5.4.2 Effects of Other Drugs on Flavonoid Pharmacokinetics; 5.5 Conclusions; References; 6: Toxicology and Safety of Flavonoids; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Flavonoids and the Gastrointestinal Tract; 6.2.1 Diarrhea; 6.2.2 Colitis.

Highlighting the extremely important preclinical aspects of flavonoids, including pharmacokinetics and analysis in biological samples, Flavonoid Pharmacokinetics covers the methods of analysis and pharmacokinetics (preclinical and clinical) of flavonoids to help readers comprehend pharmacokinetic terminology, understand the large number of compounds that encompass the flavonoid family, appreciate the multiple analytical methods available, and assess preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetics of flavonoids and similar chemical-derived compounds. The book uses applicable examples in differ.

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